Microplastics Pollution in Fish and Aquatic Ecosystems; Sources, Impacts and Human Health Risks

Microplastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges ofthe 21st century, particularly in aquatic ecosystems where it poses significant ecological andhuman health risks. This paper reviews the sources, pathways, and impacts of microplasticcontamination with a focus on their occurrence in fish and aquatic environments such as theLagos and Epe Lagoons in Nigeria. Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5mm, originate from both primary sources (e.g., microbeads, textile fibers) and secondarysources such as the degradation of larger plastic debris. Their persistence enablesbioaccumulation and trophic transfer within aquatic food webs. Ingested by fish and benthicorganisms, microplastics impair growth, reproduction, and immune responses while also actingas vectors for toxic substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), phthalates, andheavy metals. The implications for human health are increasingly concerning as seafoodconsumption and water quality are directly affected. Studies indicate potential links betweenmicroplastic exposure and oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenicity. Lagos Lagoon,heavily impacted by poor waste management and urbanization, exemplifies the socio-economicand ecological costs of microplastic pollution. This paper highlights emerging detectiontechnologies, regulatory gaps, and management strategies including improved wastemanagement, recycling, and public awareness. It concludes with recommendations for multisectoralcollaboration and research to mitigate risks and protect aquatic ecosystems and humanhealth.